Tuesday, 2 July 2013

Todorov's theory

Izetan Todorov, a Bulgarian structuralist linguist suggested that a songs narrative should be constructed into five stages, if it wants to be considered a good music video. The five stages are:

  1. A state of equilibrium at the outset
  2. A disruption of the equilibrium by an action
  3. A recognition that there has been a disruption
  4. An attempt to repair the disruption
  5. A reinstatement of the equilibrium
This type of narrative structure is very familiar to us and can be applied to many 'mainstream' narratives.

Friday, 28 June 2013

Class presentations - music videos linking to Goodwin's theory

Each person in class had to present what they felt was the ideal music video in the eyes of Goodwin's codes and conventions. There are seven conventions in total, and they are genre characteristics, relationship between lyrics and visuals, relationship between music and visuals, demands of the record label, artist iconography, usage of the male gaze theory and intertextuality.


Michael Jackson - The Way You Make Me Feel
  • dance routines - artist iconography
  • boy wants girl - notion of looking (voyeuristic)
  • male gaze
  • dancing - artist iconography
  • shouting - artist iconography

2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa - We Own It
  • women and bling are shown - characteristics 
  • close ups of Wiz Khalifa - record label demands
  • Wiz Khalifa is always alone when he is rapping - artist iconography
  • not much clothing on women - male gaze and characteristics 

One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful
  • close up of all band members - record label demands
  • running on a beach - intertextuality (Baywatch) 
  • boys walk towards camera flicking their hair - characteristics 

The Script - Man Who Cant Be Moved
  • performance in the video - characteristics 
  • close ups of the lead singer, Danny O'Donoghue - record label demands 
  • Danny O'Donoghue plays a different character in the video - iconography

Robbie Williams - You Know Me
  • lots of close ups - record label demands
  • 'Alice In Wonderland' narrative - intertextuality
  • women are used in the video - male gaze

Gwen Stefani - What Are You Waiting For
  • sexual actions - male gaze
  • links to 'Alice In Wonderland' - intertextuality
  • Stefani has 4 backup dancers - artist iconography 
  • lots of close ups - record label demands


Eminem & Rihanna - Love The Way You Lie
  • 'burning' is used in the lyrics and visuals - relationship (lyrics and visuals)
  • close ups of Rihanna are frequent - record label demands
  • Rihanna's red hair - artist iconography
  • 'walking away' is used in the lyrics and visuals - relationship (lyrics and visuals)
  • Todorov's theory is used

Analysis of a music video using Goodwin's theory

Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are



In the music video there are several relationships between the lyrics and the visuals. One example of this is when the words "oh her eyes, her eyes" are sung by Bruno Mars, a computerized image of the girl's eyes appear on the screen, which is an evident link between lyrics and visuals.There are two more examples like this in the music video, as when Mars sings the words "her hair, her hair", a picture of the woman's head appears, and the hair in the image moves, which brings the audience's attention directly to her hair, linking it with the lyrics being sung at that moment in time. One more example of this is when Mars sings the lyrics "and when you smile", an image of the woman smiling is made from tape, like the other two examples appears on the screen. This, like the other two examples, is a clear link between the lyrics and the visuals of the song.



There are also constant links between the music and the visuals throughout the video. One example of this is at the beginning of the song, before Mars starts singing, there is a drum beat, and an image of a drum being flicked by a thumb to the beat appears on the screen. This is a link between the music and visuals as the actions on the screen are perfectly in time with the music playing at that time. Another link between the two is when a piano sound can be heard in the song, an image of a piano comes on the screen and is being played to the sound of the beat, the same as the drum at the beginning. Like the drum, this is a link between the music and the visuals because the action on the screen is matching the beat of the music being played at that moment. One more link between the two is at several times throughout the song, there are images of Bruno Mars (made from tape) lip singing to the lyrics of the song. This is a relationship between music and lyrics as Mars' mouth is lip singing the lyrics at the exact time as they are being sung.



There are two demands from the record label in this video. One of them is that there are constant close-ups of Mars throughout the video. This is done because he is the artist, and they want him to be shown as much as possible, as he is the most important person in the video. The other is that there are frequent close-ups of the woman in the video. This is done because the song is describing this woman, and close-ups are needed so the audience can see what she looks like and how when Mars describes her, the part of her body he describes is shown on the screen to magnify the point.



There are two examples of iconography throughout the video. The first one that we can see is shown at the very start, and is shown during the whole video. It is the hat that Bruno Mars is wearing. In most of his videos, he is seen wearing a hat, mostly similar to the one in this video, and is therefore iconography as it is recognized in most of his videos. The other example isn't shown until later in the video, and it is the usage of the piano, and how Mars is shown using it. In virtually all of Mars' videos, he is shown playing an instrument, usually the piano, and in this video he is shown playing the piano and singing at the same time. This is also iconography as it is a constant event in most of his videos, and he is recognized for doing so.



There are two example of Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory used in this video. The first example is at the very start of the song, when the camera starts on the woman's chest area, and then tilts up to her face. This is showing the stereotypical way in which men look at women, by starting lower on their body, then moving up to their faces. Another example of this in the video is mid-way through the video, there is a shot from behind the woman of her getting up from a chair. The camera has a very good shot of her bum and as she walks round to Mars, the camera moves round and follows her, keeping her bum in shot. This is showing how men are thought to always concentrate on these two areas of the female body rather than the face, and is a prime example of the male gaze theory.




Textual analysis - Goodwin's theory

This task was done in class on a PowerPoint presentation. I did mine about the song 'Just The Way You Are' by Bruno Mars.







Andrew Goodwin - codes and conventions of music videos

Andrew Goodwin created seven main conventions about what music videos should have in them to be considered a good video. They are:

1) All music videos should generate certain genre characteristics. For example all heavy metal/ hard rock videos should have a shot of the artist doing a live performance, boy/ girl bands should have some sort of dance routine in it, rap/ some R'n'B should have lots of women and the artist should be wearing lots of jewellery etc.


This is an example of an R'n'B/rap artists (Rick Ross) showing the genre characteristics, as he is wearing lots of jewellery and is seen with a woman.

2)  There should be a relationship between the lyrics of the song and the visuals in the video. This means that the lyrics that are being sung in the song must be related to what is happening in the video at that specific moment. This could often be illustrative but could often amplify or contradict the lyrics.


This is an example of a relationship between the lyrics and the visuals when the lyrics "pull down my pants" are said, the actions match it.

3) There should be a relationship between the music and the visuals in the video. This means that whatever is happening in the video should be in sync with the beat of the music that is playing at that current moment. This could often be illustrative but could often amplify or contradict the lyrics.

4) There should be demands from the record label that is making the video. This means that the video must include certain things that the record label creating it has requested. For example Britney Spears' record label demand lots of close ups of her, so in all of her videos, there are a large amount of close ups of her.
 

This is an example of a close up of Britney Spears, which is a demand of her specific record label.

5) Iconography or motifs from the artist must be included. This means that if an artist has developed his/ her own iconic style throughout their career and in older music videos, it must be included in all of their current and upcoming videos.

 

This is an exapmple of iconography as Bruno Mars is known for always wearing the same style hat in his music videos.

6) Frequent reference to the notion of looking and particularly voyeuristic treatment of the female body.

 

This is an example of using voyeuristic treatment of the female body, as all the males are fully clothed, and all the females are wearing bikinis.

7) Intertextual references are often used, however these are not necessary. This means that there should be reference to a film or a TV show somewhere in the video.



Music videos (intertexuality)

Intertextuality 

Intertextuality is when a music video has reference to another music video in it. For example 'Walks Like Rihanna' by The Wanted has a mixture of references to other bands in their video, including Take That and The Backstreet Boys.




Why do we have music videos?

  • promote the artist
  • promote the song
  • advertising
  • make money
  • help tell a story
  • appeal to the target audience
  • entertain the audience
  • product placement

Basic structures of music videos
  • last on average of 3-4 minutes
  • combines a mixture of live performance, narrative, concept and other visual imagery (computer graphics and animation)

Initial ideas on our music video

The type of music video we choose to do will depend on the genre of artist we have chosen. For example if we chose the genre, rock, the video would include a live performance, with a large crowd, which is made to look like it is a performance at a concert/gig, or if it was a rap song, most rap songs usually have the utilization of sports cars, jewellery and girls, but using things like this would be hard to find as it would cost a lot more money, therefore we will probably avoid doing a rap song.

Rock

Characters:

  • band members
  • a boy and a girl in a relationship
  • large crowd
  • more young people than old
Story line:
  • live performance
  • romance
  • upsetting situations

Setting:
  • large room
  • area with a large open space
  • poor/abandoned locations
Content:
  • usage of instruments
  • unusual choices of clothing
  • Gothic/punk themed items 

Hip-hop

Characters: 
  • the artist
  • lots of other people to make the singer look popular 
  • girls (if the artist is male)
  • boys (if the artist is female)
Story line:
  • the artist making money
  • the artists childhood 

Setting:
  • urban area
  • rich location (mansions etc.)
  • large open areas

Content:
  • jewellery
  • nice cars
  • lots of people the opposite sex to the artist
  • things only wealthy people can afford 

Jazz

Characters:
  • the artist
  • friends of the artist
  • an audience watching the artist

Story line:

  • the artist performing to a group of people, usually in a bar
  • shows the artist when they were younger
Setting:
  • restaurant/bar
  • American diner
Content:
  • artists wearing smart clothes
  • instruments
  • people dancing
  • vintage theme/items


Dance/house

Characters: 
  • a DJ playing the actual song
  • a large crowd dancing to the music

Story line:
  • usually a performance video
  • tracking one person at a party/gathering
  • happy situations
Setting:
  • a large house
  • a nightclub
  • a field
  • abandoned/quite areas

Content:
  • DJ decks
  • a party
  • the usage of alcohol